Wife Of Baths Tale Analysis - 1265 Words

In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives multiple examples in â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† of Alice, The Wife, intellectually manipulating her husbands, which portray her as a rebel against female norms of her day and a trailblazer for women going forward. However, there are some incredibly conflicting aspects of the Wife of Bath’s portrayal of women. Certainly, it can be said The Wife of Bath’s Alice was far ahead of her time. In a period when men ruled and women were expected to be subservient, she was the rare exception. She contradicted all the norms of the day and even at times seemed to contradict herself. Although she uses her intelligence to achieve what she wants, she uses another woman’s misfortune as a catalyst for her story and a†¦show more content†¦For example, she partially justified having been married five times on the basis that it was her duty to continue to bear children as â€Å"God bade us to increase and multiply† (28). She was so adamant that her beliefs were the correct ones that she would grow upset when Jenkin, her fifth husband, would â€Å"search his Bible through for a proverb of Ecclesiasticus† as an attempt to try to change her opinion (649-50). Although half her age, Jenkin, obviously bullied The Wife of Bath with his misogynistic views of women and his belief that women were the cause of men’s downfall. Finally, after a night when Jenkin blamed Eve as â€Å"the reason Jesus Christ himself was slain,† she could take no more (717). Alice â€Å"tore [three leaves] out of his book† and then with her â€Å"fis t gave his cheek a hit and he fell backwards right into the fire† (792-93). In the past, Alice had not been afraid to manipulate men and in this instance, Jenkin, to acquire what she wanted. She ripped Jenkin’s book, hit him, knocked him into the fire and when he â€Å"jumped up like a lion full of ire† and hit her back, she pretended to be dying (794). However, her manipulations came to fruition as evidenced by her declaration â€Å"thus gained for myself all the sovereignty—when he had said to me, ’my own true wife’ do as you please the balance of your life† (818-20). Her manipulations were successful in gaining the control she so preferred over her husband. Even though Alice wasShow MoreRelatedThe Wife Of Baths Tale Analysis793 Words   |  4 Pagesthere were knights, kings, queens, and crusades because adultery was looked as a sin due to the fact that in the mid-1400s there was no law higher than the church. In the passage The Wife of Bath’s Tale, Geoffrey Chaucer characterizes the Wife of Bath as a woman who uses men for her needs and pleasure. For example, the wife explains she has many husbands but desires to lust and love other men she acknowledges. In the second passage La Morte D’ Arthur, Thomas Malory explains how people use each otherRead MoreThe Wife Of Baths Tale Analysis1047 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause they considered wives to be gold diggers in which men would pay for their fancy lifestyle. The â€Å"Wife of Bath’s Tale,† was written around the year 1386, by Geoffrey Chaucer who tells a tale about a wife that wants sovereignty over her husbands. Book 18 of â€Å"Le Morte d’Arthur,† was written by Thomas Malory, he tells a tale about Queen Guinevere who wanted to follow the traditional role of a wife, who wanted to marry Sir Lanucelot but never could and have happiness because of the tragic that sheRead MoreEssay on Summary and Analysis of The Wife of Baths Tale1857 Words   |  8 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Wife of Baths Tale Prologue to the Wife of Baths Tale: The Wife of Bath begins the prologue to her tale by boasting of her experience in marriage. She has married five men already, and ignores the idea that this is a reproach to Christian principles. She is merely adhering to the Christian principle of be fruitful and multiply. She cites the case of King Solomon, who had multiple wives, and tells the group that she welcomes the opportunity for her sixth husbandRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wife Of Bath 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Fails: An Analysis of Misogyny in the Wife of Bath’s Tale At first glance, you wouldn’t think that the Wife of Bath’s tale is anything other than feminist. She is, undeniably, the only non-religious female character in The Canterbury Tales and therefore is the only character who is approached from a point of view that was generally uncommon. We don’t have many— or even any, as far as I’m aware— pieces of medieval literature written by or for women or with a main female protagonistRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath s Prologue1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe Wife of Bath uses bible verses in â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue.† Further, she employs the verses as an outline of her life to find reason in God to justify her actions. Nevertheless, the purpose of the verses differs within each stanza of the poem. The Wife of Bath is a sexually promiscuous, lustful, and manipulative woman. She marries men one after the other as they get older and die. In order to combat and overthrow the speculation and c riticism being thrust upon her by societal norms becauseRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantlyRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By Geoffrey Chaucer Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesas they were subverted into a secondary class position that deprived them of agency and sexual satisfaction. Throughout Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales,† the Wife of Bath provides didactic social commentary on the discrepancies between marriage and virginity and expounds the idea of giving sovereignty to women in relationships. Although the Wife of Bath is portrayed and characterized to some antifeminist stereotypes, her fervent and unorthodox commands enrich the reasoning behind her sexual voraciousness:Read MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By William Chaucer2261 Words   |  10 Pages(Chaucer 183). The Wife of Bath is portrayed as a very flamboyant and domineering character. She enjoys things such as romance, traveling, and talking. The Wife of Bath is a feminist who depicts through her tale her radical belief that women should have dominion over their husbands. As shown in the opening quotation, the Wife of Bath is not afraid to admit that she had experienced five marriages. The Wife of Bath’s radical beliefs are demonstrated through the phylogeny in â€Å"The Wife of Bath PrologueRead MoreUse Of Satire In Canterbury Tales1301 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer’s Satyric Attack (An analysis of Chaucer’s use of satire to reach his intended audience in his Canterbury Tales) Satire is defined as â€Å"the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues† (Oxford). Another term that people would be more familiar with to describe this would be sarcasm. Language can be utilized in a nasty way, especially when wanting to demoralizeRead MoreEssay about Common Sense, Ethics, and Dogma in The Wife of Bath3354 Words   |  14 PagesSense, Ethics, and Dogma in The Wife of Bath In his Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer assembles a band of pilgrims who, at the behest of their host, engage in a story-telling contest along their route. The stories told along the way serve a number of purposes, among them to entertain, to instruct, and to enlighten. In addition to the intrinsic value of the tales taken individually, the tales in their telling reveal much about the tellers. The pitting of tales one against another provides a

Gender Based Discrimination And Social Norms - 1233 Words

Gender-based discrimination and social norms are the most common causes of violence against women. Theoretically, these societal norms that have been in grated to us since childhood lead us to believe that the male gender has the right to do whatever they want while at the same time restrict the female gender from doing the same or condemn or punish them if they fail to obey such stigmas. So far, efforts have only focused on responses and services for survivors; given the devastating effect violence has on women. Preventing the violence from happening in the first place by addressing its root and structural causes is the best way to end violence against women and girls. It is only through education of boys at a young age that it is possible to change this norm of looking at women as the lesser sex. In order to prevent and eradicate gender-based discrimination in a fast and sustainable manner, working on the attitudes of the youth is the best possible step. This is because youth is a critical time when values and norms around gender equality are forged, while public policies and intervention often overlook this stage of life. The 57th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) placed a strong urge on the prevention of the gender-based discrimination. Working on the theme: â€Å"eliminate and prevent all forms of violence against women and girls†, which was attended by representatives of various organizations from all over the world. Prevention also means to make theShow MoreRelatedGender Differences And Gender Inequality1717 Words   |  7 Pages Gender differences and gender inequality are sometimes used interchangeably but do not refer to the same thing. The two concepts are common in gender literature; however, they are not uniform across different cultures based on the degree of conservative attitudes present. The significant differences between sexes and used as arguments against equal rights primarily against women’s rights. Hence, the gender issue has continually been created in light of the standard views or conceptions ofRead MoreSocial Construction Of The Labor Market1169 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Though societal norms exist, we must understand that there are negative results and learn to challenge these norms (gender norms). That is why unions are being created, to fix these problems of inequality people face in the labour market. It may never be the intention of the labour force to propagate gender inequality, or perhaps not out rightly so. Unfortunately, the social construction of society has created norms that individuals unconsciously follow and pass on from one generationRead MoreWhat Was The Aftermath Of The Provision? After Ab12661648 Words   |  7 Pagesviolated by a transgender person would have the right to sue for no less than $4,000† (Garza). The act also requires that people use the bathroom that matches their birth sex and this includes bathrooms in public places and in government buildings. Norms Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook, sociologists from the University of Chicago and Grand Valley University, describe in their article â€Å"bathroom battlegrounds and penis panics† the underlying logic and myths behind the â€Å"sexual predator† argument inRead MoreGender Is A Complex And Controversial Phenomenon1415 Words   |  6 PagesGender remains a very complex and controversial phenomenon. Within most societies, gender is defined along binary lines- through a two-part system. Some individuals do not find it difficult being socialized and identifying with a societies’ definition of â€Å"femaleness† and â€Å"maleness†. Others, however, have a more difficult time. The term â€Å"transgender† refers to particular individuals whose gender identification does not align with what society would rather regard them as, and are based on the conventionalRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Transgender Community1600 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress themselves, etc. Dalton Conley explains that gender â€Å"[Is] a collectively defined guidebook that humans use to make distinctions among themselves, to separate one being from another, and to comprehend an otherwise fuzzy mass of individuals.† (279) However, when this â€Å"collectively defined guidebook† is mildly altered, many individuals are confused and respond negatively towards these changes. Transgenders are individuals who identify with a gender that does not correspond with their sex, and soRead MoreGender Inequality : Gender And Gender982 Words   |  4 Pages Gender is based on cultural assumptions that classifies on what positions should be held based on gender. Therefore, Gender inequality affects people in the workforce because of the gender wage gap in institutions. For example, jobs are sex segregated based on gender roles and status. The gender gap is based on wages and job positions. This causes for males and women to earn different because of gender. Even if they have the same positions males are look as authority. Men are favoredRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Workplace Environments Of Different Cultures Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesor abusive† (Green 658). Thus, judgements based on looks are completely tolerated, as aesthetic discrimination is arguably not abusive. Iranian scholar Zahra Ghordati notes in her recent publication, â€Å"The Influence of Globalization on ‘Lookism’ in Workplace Environments of Different Cultures†, that â€Å"individuals should be free to discriminate on the basis of their own values. This means that institutions are free to enact policies that prohibit discrimination against or benefit in some way those whoRead MoreCycle of Socialization Essay examples982 Words   |  4 PagesThe cycle of socialization is a process through which social identities are created, and in effect, each individual represents and is affected by their social identity. According to the cycle of socialization, the first stop in the socialization process is outside of one’s control—one is socialized even before they are born. Our social identities are predetermined, and we are born in a world with roles, rules, and assumptions already in place. Our family and role models teach these rules and rolesRead MoreGender And Gender Inequality1084 Words   |  5 Pagesnot changeable. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behavior assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. As soon as a child is born families and society begin the process of gendering. The birth of the son is celebrated, the birth of a daughter filled with pain; sons are showered with love, respect, better food and proper health care. Boys are encouraged to be tough and outgoing; girls are encouraged to be homebound and shy. All these differences are gender differences andRead MoreGender Inequality Within India And India996 Words   |  4 Pageslack of equality, disparity, inequality of size, and social disparity. In simple terms, gender inequality is defined as discrimination against women based on their sex. Women are generally considered as the weaker sex. They are misused, degraded, violated and segregated both in homes and in the outside world. Women are oppressed all around the world, yet it is more prominent in India. Social and economic processes produce and reproduce gender inequality within the community and the family. Using

Hemingway Protagonist Soldiers Home Essay Example For Students

Hemingway Protagonist Soldiers Home Essay Hemingway Protagonist Soldiers HomeVarious authors, through years of discipline, develop their own style increating characters. Ernest Hemingway varied his style by establishing anindestructible template for pressing characters into molded protagonists. Thistemplate protagonist follows a unique set of standards unlike anyother character, produced by any other author. In his literary workSoldiers Home, Hemingway creates the character Krebs to abide bythis set of standards. By working within the circumstances presented to him,Krebs fits the mold of a typical Hemingway protagonist by overcoming hisdisillusions through heroic actions. To begin with, Krebs returns home fromWorld War I to a society that he no longer feels attached to. It can be assumedthat before the war Krebs worked within society since he is depicted in acollege photo along with his similarly-dressed fraternity brothers. When heenlists into the Marines though, life becomes simplistic; you eat, sleep, andfight. The probl em arises when Krebs tries to return from a simplistic lifestyleof war, to a much more complicated domestic lifestyle. Ironically, Krebsis disillusioned less by the war than by the normal peacetime world which thewar had made him to see too clearly to accept (Burhans 190). Krebs seeksrefuge from this disillusion by withdrawing from society and engaging himself inindividual activities. A typical day for Krebs consists of going to the libraryfor a book, which he would read until bored, practicing his clarinet, andshooting pool in the middle of the day; this is common for a Hemingwayprotagonist. Hemingway realizes that with the disappearance of thetranscendent and the absolute from mans consciousness, the universe becomesempty of meaning and purpose (Burhans 284); a good basis for testing aprotagonist to see whether or not hes heroic . A more specific way that Krebswithdraws from society is his view of women and love. In a society full of talk,Krebs would have to engage in conversation and interaction in order to win awomans heart. Krebs did not want to go through all of that again. He found itmuch easier during the war to become intimate with a French or German girl,especially considering that there wasnt as much red tape inEuropean relationships. It was just too complicated to adjust himself back to anAmerican relationship which he deemed full of consequences. In other works byHemingway, protagonists are haunted by a sense of how simple it all wasonce, when he could take his Indian girl into the clean-smelling woods, stretchout beside her on the pine-needles (her brother standing guard), and rise to noobligations at all (Fiedler 143). Krebs is much the same way. Heexperienced this obligation-free relationship in Europe and was disgusted by thethought of returning to an obligated relationship in America. Hemingway himselflearned of obligations from four separate marriages; why should any of hisfictional characters escape this dreaded wrath. Another way that Kreb s withdrawsfrom society is the loss of his faith. Before the war Krebs attended a Methodistcollege, which reinforces the idea that he was a man of faith. During the warthough, Krebs experiences a change in his beliefs. It can only be imagined whatunholy things he had seen and done in the midst of battle. Once home, hedenounces existing in Gods Kingdom to his mother and refuses to pray. Hemingwayfelt that it is this determination to be faithful to ones own experience,not to fake emotions or pretend to sentiments that are not there isbrought out in Krebs character (Howe 233). It is this tone, the importance ofones inner beliefs over anyone elses, which pushes Hemingways protagonistaway from society. So how does one become heroic after denouncing so much ofsociety? If alive today, Hemingways answer may very well be grace underpressure. Customary in Hemingways literary works, such as Santiago in TheOld Man and the Sea, the protagonist is always fighting a losing battle. PhilipYoung, a w ell-known critic of Hemingway, says it best when he states that inlife you lose, of course; what counts is how you conduct yourself whileyou are being destroyed (Young 274). A Hemingway hero would take notice ofhis ill fate and make the best of it. The motive behind Hemingways heroicfigures is not glory, or fortune, or the righting of injustice, or the thirstfor experience. They are inspired neither by vanity nor ambition nor a desire tobetter the world. They have no thoughts of reaching a state of higher grace orvirtue. Instead, their behavior is a reaction to the moral emptiness of theuniverse, an emptiness that they feel compelled to fill by their own specialefforts. (Gurko 229) In Soldiers Home, Krebs realizes the problemsthat he faces; he no longer believes in society, particularly love and faith. .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 , .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .postImageUrl , .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 , .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:hover , .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:visited , .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:active { border:0!important; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:active , .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7 .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5599b97d12aa20cce943bc8675d02c7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Russian Geography and its affect on Society Essay Krebs heroic deed is displayed when he moves on with his life, rather thanbringing it to a screeching halt. At one point, he denounces loving his ownmother. In order to satisfy his mother and avoid friction, Krebs holds back thenausea and lies, saying that he does love her. Krebs also announces his plans tomove out of town for a job; to get on with his life. No doubt, Krebs displaysgrace under pressure. In the end, the protagonist fromSoldiers Home, Krebs, proves himself to be a typical product ofHemingway. Hemingways mold often required a character to be socially withdrawn,from women and faith, and to overcome these disillusions by becoming heroic. Krebs succeeded in this mold by engaging in non-sociable activities, ridiculingthe complexity of relationships with women, and denouncing his Methodist faith. To top it all off, Krebs can truly be seen as a Hemingway hero by demonstratinggrace under pressure. BibliographyBurhans, Clinton S. Jr. Hemingway and Vonnegut: Diminishing Vision in aDying Age. Modern Fiction Studies (1975): 173-191. Rpt. in ContemporaryLiterary Criticism. Vol 8. Eds. Dedria Bryfonski, Phyllis Carmel Mendelson. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1978. 284-285. Burhans, Clinton S. Jr. TheComplex Unity of In Our Time. Modern Fiction Studies. 14 (1968). 313-328. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol 30. Ed. Jean C. Stine,Daniel G. Marowski. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1984. 188-191. Fiedler,Leslie. Men without Women. Love and Death in the American Novel(1959). Rpt. in Hemingway: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Robert P. Weeks. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962. 86-92. Gurko, Leo. Ernest Hemingwayand the Pursuit of Heroism. (1968). Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism Vol6. Eds. Carolyn Riley, Phyllis Carmel Mendelson. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1976. 229. Howe, Irving. A World More Attractive: A View of Modern Literatureand Politics. (1963). 65-70. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism Vol 3. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 1975. 232-233. Young, Philip. Ernest Hemingway. American Writers Pamphlet No. 1 (1959). Rpt. inContemporary Literary Criticism. Vol 13. Ed. Dedric Bryfonski. Detroit: GaleResearch Company. 1980. 273-276.

Organisation free essay sample

The subject matter of Organizational Behaviour is complex. Organizational Behaviour is not a homogeneous subject, but the result of a mingling of other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, politics, philosophy and economics. The fact that a subject called Organizational Behaviour exists in Business and Management courses is due to the need of those with managing people and systems at work to inform their thinking as they address the underlying social and behavioural issues that confront them. Since the study of Organizational Behaviour is composed of a blending of various social sciences, it will involve, to a certain extent, the approach of behavioural science – a collective term for the grouping of all the social sciences concerned with the study of people’s behaviour[1]. Three main disciplines are: Psychology:Study of human behaviour, traits of the individual (perception, attitudes and motives), and membership of small social groups. Sociology:Study of social behaviour, relationships among social groups and societies, and the maintenance of order (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. he relationship between the behaviour of leaders and followers). Anthropology:More concerned with the science of mankind and the study of human behaviour as a whole – cultural system: the beliefs, customs, ideas and values within a group or society. Organization There is also the problem of defining what is an ‘organization’. Morgan, G. (1986), Sage Publications (â€Å"†¦organizations are complex and paradoxical phenomena that can be understood in many ways. Many of our taken-for-granted ideas about organizations are metaphorical†¦For example, we frequently talk about organizations as if they were machines†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is because the concept of organization is so difficult to understand that other metaphors, apart from machines, are used to understand its nature. Therefore organization is variously described as organisms, brains, cultures, etc. Machines (the mechanistic or classical view)Organizations can be designed as if they are machines giving relations between clearly defined parts. This can provide the basis for efficient operation in a routine, reliable and predictable way. Organizations viewed as machines function better in a stable and protected environment. Organisms (the organic view)In this regard the organization is considered as behaving like a living system. Biological mechanisms adapt to changes in their environment, so do organizations, as open systems, adapt to the changing external environment. Brains(the cybernetic view)Brains are inventive and rational. The challenge is to create organizations capable of intelligent change and therefore able to disperse brainlike capabilities. Cultures (a product of their dominant values)The collective interest and unity of an organization is built up through shared beliefs, habits and traditions. Handy (1993), Understanding Organisations (4th Edn), Penguin Business â€Å"†¦ anyone who has spent time with any variety of organizations, or worked in more than two or three, will have been struck by the differing atmospheres, the differing ways of doing things, the differing levels of energy, of individual freedom, of kinds of personality. For organizations are as different and varied as th e nations and societies of the world. They have differing cultures – sets of values and norms and beliefs – reflected in different structures and systems† Psychic Prisons (sources of stress)The way the organizations are designed and structured and the methods and procedures of work, etc are likely sources of stress to the workers. The above metaphors, though providing a broader view of the dynamics of organizational behaviour, are not fixed. An organization can be a mix of each, and predominantly a combination of two or three metaphors, which may change over a period of time. Whatever definition taken, an organization is a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Organizations in these circumstances are usually structured in a formal way that recognizes individual responsibilities and yet circumscribes them at the same time. The more junior the position held in the organization, the more restricted is the scope for decision-making. The higher the position the greater the freedom of discretion. There are organization theories that insist that people must be controlled if organization goals are to be achieved. There are also other theories, which suggest that individuals perform better if allowed freedom and responsibility, and therefore should be subject to fewer controls. A fuller definition of an organization could thus be: A work organization consists of a group (large or small) or groups of people who collaborate in a structured and relatively permanent way in order to achieve one or more goals, which they could not achieve by acting on their own. Such an organization is structured in a manner, which formally recognizes, and places, the tasks and roles that individuals are expected to fulfil. The operation of work organizations implies a considerable degree of control over individual members, especially those most junior in the task structure. The predominant values and standards of the members of an organization develop over time to form an organization culture, which is a preferred way of doing things. The particular form and culture adopted by an organization is considerably affected by technological and environmental factors[2] For an organization to be successful the importance of achieving productivity through the effective management of people, and their commitment to, and involvement with the organization has to be stressed. Some people may well have a set motivation to work, whatever the nature of the work environment. But work situations may also influence the individual’s orientation to work. It is through the process of management that the efforts of members of the organization are directed and guided towards the achievement of organizational goals. The Meaning of Organizational Behaviour (The behaviour of People) Organizational Behaviour is concerned with the study of the behaviour of people within an organizational setting. It involves the understanding, prediction and control of human behaviour. Common definitions of organizational behaviour (OB) are generally along the lines of: the study and understanding of individual and group behaviour, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organizational performance and effectiveness (Laurie J Mullins, page 14). There is a close relation between organizational behaviour and management theory and practice. Some writers seem to suggest that organizational behaviour and management are synonymous. But this is an over simplification. Organizational behaviour does not encompass the whole of management; it is more accurately described in the narrower interpretation of providing a behavioural approach to management. The Framework of Study The behaviour of people, however, cannot be studied in isolation. It is necessary to understand interrelationships with other variables, which together comprise the total organization. This will involve consideration of interactions among the formal structure, the tasks to be undertaken, the technology employed and methods of carrying out work, the process of management and the external environment. The study of organizational behaviour, hence embraces an understanding of: o The behaviour of people; o The process of management; o The organizational context in which the process of management takes place; o Organizational processes and the execution of work; and o Interactions with the external environment of which the organization is part. A number of interrelated dimensions such as the individual, the group, the organization and the environment (which collectively influence behaviour in work organizations) can be identified by the above variables. The Individual Individuals make up organizations. Hence individual is a central feature of organizational behaviour whether the individual is acting alone or in a group in response to expectations of the organization, or as a result of the influences of the external environment. Where the needs of the individual and the demands of the organization are incompatible, this can result in frustration and conflict. It is the task of management to provide a working environment, which permits the satisfaction of individual needs as well as the attainment of organizational goals. The Group Groups are found in all organizations. They are essential to the working and performance of the organizations. Such groups (commonly referred to as informal groups) arise from the social needs of people within the organization. Members of the groups influence each other and may develop their own hierarchies and leaders. Group pressures can have a major influence over the behavior and performance of individual members. An understanding of group structure and behaviour complements knowledge of individual behaviour and adds a further dimension to organizational behaviour. The Organization An organization is structured to establish relationships between individuals and groups, to provide order and systems and to direct the efforts of the organization into goal-seeking activities. It is through the formal structure that people carry out their organizational activities in order to achieve aims and objectives. Behaviour is affected by patterns of organization structure, technology, styles of leadership and systems of management through which organizational processes are planned, directed and controlled. The focus of attention, therefore, is on the impact of organization structure and design, and patterns of management, on the behaviour of people within the organization. The Environment The organization is part of the broader external environment. The external environment affects the organization through technological and scientific development, economic activity, social and cultural influences and governmental actions. The effects of the operation of the organization within its environment are reflected in terms of the management of opportunities and risks and the successful achievement of its aims and objectives. The increasing rate of change in environmental factors has highlighted the need to study the total organization and the processes by which the organization attempts to adapt to the external demands placed upon it. Organizational Behaviour and Management Theory and Practice As discussed in the previous page Organizational Behaviour also encompasses Management Theory. Management Theory is especially concerned with issues of goal setting, resource deployment, employee motivation, teamwork, eadership, control and coordination, and performance measurement. Like Organizational Behaviour, it is an eclectic subject, which draws on the social sciences for most of its material. The difference in emphasis between Organizational Behaviour and Management Theory is principally that the former is concerned with examining the behaviour of people at all levels in groups, whilst the latter is more focused on the control of people’s behaviour by their managers in the pursuit of organizational go als.

With the help of a Union Victory during the Civil Essay Example For Students

With the help of a Union Victory during the Civil Essay war, the reconstruction era had pushed forth bringing with it social and constitutional developments that evolved into an abyss of controversy and debate. Occurring mainly between the years 1860-1877, these developments necessitated a change. The social and constitutional developments, although they may have seemed beneficial at the time, would lead to a revolution in the future and continue to do so in today?s world. A major premise in the beginning of the Civil War had been the issue of state?s rights. It had been clearly demonstrated that the federal government lacked too great authority when South Carolina had seceded from the nation. It had shown virtual nullification of federal authority in doing so, per their interpretations of the 10th amendment to the Constitution, which states that, declared powers not delegated to the United States?are reserved to the states Thus, in the years following the Civil War, federal government worked on expanding its authority. We will write a custom essay on With the help of a Union Victory during the Civil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A step towards this direction had been shown when amendments such as the 13th (abolishment of slavery), 14th (citizenship for Blacks), and 15th (Black male suffrage), had been passed. Gideon Wells, Lincoln?s former Secretary of the Navy, had thought that these premises could be accomplished by constitutional means, (once again increasing the authority of the federal government).However, civil rights for Black Americans, he felt, held no warrant for the authority of the federal government, thus necessitating change. This had been affirmed in a petition of Black Americans in a Union convention (occurring in 1865 as stated in a diary entry by Gideon Wells). In the petition, they had asked that since they had been allotted space to fight in the United States Army, they also should have the rights to express their sentiment through voting. Once again, it was an opportunity necessitating further enhancement of the power of the federal government and thus needing change. Aside from constitutional developments that were debated and examined during 1860-1877, a number of social developments took place that set the foundation for a revolution to amount in the future. In an effort to obtain their own land, the freedmen had petitioned to the commissioner of the Freedman?s Bureau and to the President, asking why they had not been allowed to hold the homesteads they were allowed by the government. This was another premise, which showed a lack of federal power and was further enhanced with the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1877, which negated most of which the 14th amendment stood for. Shown in the cover of an issue of the Harper?s Weekly was a Black American voting in the year 1867. However, due to acts such as the Black Codes and ineffectiveness of the military in the South, groups such as the Ku Klux Klan infringed upon the liberty and freedoms of the Black Americans. This idea is also shown in a cartoon by Thomas Nast, which depicts a Black family under the wrath of white supremacy. The period between 1860-1877 showed governmental weakness due to lack of federal power. Advocated had begun to arise that argued for rights of Black Americans, such as Booker T. Washington, but not to the effect of changing the ideals of the time. The stage, however, was now set for a new type of advocacy; a new type of revolution.

Why Federal Elections are Held on Tuesday

Why Federal Elections are Held on Tuesday Of course, every day is a good day to exercise our freedom, but why do we always vote on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November? Under a law enacted in 1845, the day designated as Election Day for choosing elected federal government officials is set as â€Å"the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November† or the first Tuesday after November 1.† This means that the earliest possible date for federal elections is November 2, and the latest possible date is November 8. For the federal offices of President, Vice President, and members of Congress, Election Day occurs only in even-numbered years. Presidential elections are held every four years, in years divisible by four, in which electors for President and Vice President are chosen according to the method determined by each state as required by the Electoral College system. Midterm elections for members of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate are held every two years. Terms of office for persons elected in federal elections begin in January of the year following the election. The President and Vice President are sworn in on Inauguration Day, typically held on January 20. Why Congress Set an Official Election Day Before Congress passed the 1845 law, the states held federal elections at their discretion within a 30-day period before the Wednesday in December. But this system had the potential to result in electoral chaos. Already knowing the election results from states that voted in early November, people in states that did not vote until late November or early December often decided not to bother to vote. The lower voter turnout in late-voting states could change the outcome of the overall election. On the other hand, in very close elections, states that voted last had the power to decide the election. Hoping to eliminate the voting lag problem and streamline the entire election process, Congress created the current federal Election Day. Why a Tuesday and Why November? Just like the food on their tables, Americans can thank agriculture for an Election Day in early November. In the 1800s, most citizens - and voters - made their living as farmers and lived far from the polling places in cities. Since voting required a day-long horseback ride for many people, Congress decided a two-day window for elections. While weekends seemed a natural choice, most people spent Sundays in church, and many farmers transported their crops to market on Wednesday through Friday. With those restrictions in mind, Congress chose Tuesday as the most convenient day of the week for elections. Farming is also the reason for Election Day falling in November. Spring and summer months were for planting and cultivating crops, late summer through early fall were reserved for the harvest. As the month after the harvest, but before the snows of winter made travel difficult, November seemed the best choice.   Why the first Tuesday after the first Monday? Congress wanted to make sure the election never fell on the first of November. November 1st is a Holy Day of Obligation in the Roman Catholic Church (All Saints Day). In addition, many businesses tallied their sales and expenses and did their books for the previous month on the first of each month. Congress feared that an unusually good or bad economic month might influence the vote if it were held on the 1st. But, that was then and this is now True, most of us are no longer farmers, and while some citizens still ride a horse to vote, travel to the polls is far simpler than in 1845. But is there, even now, a single better day to hold a national election than the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November? School is back in session and most summer vacations are over. The closest national holiday Thanksgiving is still almost a month away, and you dont have to buy anybody a gift. But the runaway best all-time reason for holding the election in early November is one Congress never even considered in 1845. Its far enough from April 15 that we have forgotten about the last tax-day and havent started worrying about the next one. Bottom line? Any day is a good day to vote.

Anatomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anatomy - Essay Example D is the correct answer because acetylcholine is just involved in minor signal transmission, in the nervous system. B is not correct answer because Serotonin is well known, and it is involved in the regulation of anxiety and feelings of depression. B is the correct answer because the primary motor area of the brain is the one responsible for the voluntary, fine motor movements. C is wrong because primary sensory area is responsible for detecting signals that are sent to the brain. D is the correct answer (he was frustrated). This is because alpha waves are detected when the brain is experiencing quietly flowing thought. C is wrong because when someone when the brain is asleep, it does not experience quietly flowing thoughts. C is the correct answer because delta waves suspend all external awareness and are only detected when the brain is dead asleep. B is not correct answer because when someone is awake or resting with the eyes wide open, then they their brains are subjected to external feelings. Action potential refers to the short lasting event or an impulse that occurs in the neurons when the electrical membrane potential (charge) of the cell rapidly rises then falls. It takes place in the excitable cell like neurons and muscle cells. This action plays a crucial role in the communication between the cells, for instance, it is the first step that occurs to lead to crucial actions like contraction. Neurotransmitters that are released from the synaptic end of the motor neuron binds with the proteins that are released from T tubules. This is because T tubules do not have the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, which are found on the plasma membrane. Therefore they carry action potential through their interior muscles cells through voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channel. Voltage-gated ion channels, on the cell’s plasma

Research and Analysis of a Current Issue in Education Essay

Research and Analysis of a Current Issue in Education - Essay Example This essay describes the nature Ð ¾f the prÃ'â€"mary schÐ ¾Ã ¾l currÃ'â€"culum and the clÃ'â€"mate Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch schÐ ¾Ã ¾ls functÃ'â€"Ð ¾n in the UK that changed quÃ'â€"te dramatÃ'â€"cally fÐ ¾llÐ ¾wÃ'â€"ng the passÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾f the EducatÃ'â€"Ð ¾n RefÐ ¾rm Act Ã'â€"n 1988. NÐ ¾t Ð ¾nly was the NatÃ'â€"Ð ¾nal CurrÃ'â€"culum Ã'â€"ntrÐ ¾duced by thÃ'â€"s Act, but schÐ ¾Ã ¾ls became much mÐ ¾re publÃ'â€"cly accÐ ¾untable fÐ ¾r theÃ'â€"r actÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns and fÐ ¾r the ways Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch they have deplÐ ¾yed the resÐ ¾urces made avaÃ'â€"lable tÐ ¾ them. The researcher refers to an example, in which the gÐ ¾vernÃ'â€"ng bÐ ¾dy Ð ¾f a schÐ ¾Ã ¾l and the parents Ð ¾f the pupÃ'â€"ls attendÃ'â€"ng that schÐ ¾Ã ¾l were gÃ'â€"ven Ã'â€"ncreased rÃ'â€"ghts and respÐ ¾nsÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"es regardÃ'â€"ng the currÃ'â€"culum. This essay ivestigates the dynamÃ'â€"c nature Ð ¾f sÐ ¾cÃ'â€"ety that has prÐ ¾vÃ'â€"ded new challenges fÐ ¾r EnglÃ'â€"sh educatÐ ¾ rs Ð ¾f yÐ ¾ung chÃ'â€"ldren. DÃ'â€"vergent vÃ'â€"ews Ð ¾f the wÐ ¾rk Ð ¾f teachÃ'â€"ng as a prÐ ¾fessÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾r a technÃ'â€"cal skÃ'â€"ll, suppÐ ¾rt fÐ ¾r teachers topic were analyzed. The mÐ ¾bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty and ethnÃ'â€"c dÃ'â€"versÃ'â€"ty Ð ¾f pÐ ¾pulatÃ'â€"Ð ¾n alsÐ ¾ creates tensÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns and relatÃ'â€"Ð ¾nshÃ'â€"ps between sÐ ¾cÃ'â€"ety’s demands and chÃ'â€"ldren’s needs. DÃ'â€"fferent levels Ð ¾f gÐ ¾vernment, schÐ ¾Ã ¾l Ð ¾ffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"als and prÐ ¾fessÃ'â€"Ð ¾nal Ð ¾rganÃ'â€"zatÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns have unlÐ ¾aded gÐ ¾als and purpÐ ¾ses Ð ¾f schÐ ¾Ã ¾lÃ'â€"ng tÐ ¾ teachers, whÃ'â€"ch are tÐ ¾Ã ¾ many Ã'â€"n number and tÐ ¾Ã ¾ cÐ ¾nflÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n nature. To sum up, all Ð ¾f these challenges described in the essay requÃ'â€"re our Ã'â€"nbred pÃ'â€"Ð ¾neer values Ð ¾f hard wÐ ¾rk, Ã'â€"nnÐ ¾vatÃ'â€"Ð ¾n and self-suffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ency tÐ ¾ resÐ ¾lve. And thÐ ¾ugh Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"dual sÐ ¾lutÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns wÃ'â€"ll p rÐ ¾vÃ'â€"de hÃ'â€"gh qualÃ'â€"ty care fÐ ¾r many, prÐ ¾vÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng qualÃ'â€"ty care fÐ ¾r all chÃ'â€"ldren wÃ'â€"ll take the effÐ ¾rt Ð ¾f all EnglÃ'â€"sh.

Analysis of Wallow's Character in Haunting of Olivia Essay

Analysis of Wallow's Character in Haunting of Olivia - Essay Example embarrassed to admit that he doesn’t see any ghosts† (Russell). From this line, the reader has an understanding that these are minds of young children who think they can find the ghost of their long-gone sister. Whether ghosts exist or not is a subject worth of discussion by those who believe in their existence. As the story develops, it is revealed to the reader that Wallow aged fourteen and his brother (the narrator) has been having numerous trips to the lake shore in search of their dead sister (Russell). They repeatedly scavenge through the boats at the shore with the hope of having a glimpse of their dead sister. The reader is able to notice the bully nature of the elder brother through the younger brother, who says, â€Å"On land, Wallow’s a loutish kid. He bulldozes whatever gets in his path: baby strollers, widowers, me† (Russell). These lines gives the reader an understanding of the kind of character Wallow sometimes retrieves into when he feels th at he has all it takes to be a bully. This also explains why he drives the brother in search of the sister’s ghost. From the story the reader is also able to comprehend that the parents of the two children have resumed travelling to third world countries since the death of their daughter. This is because they feel the sons are grown enough to take care of themselves. As the story comes to an end, the reader understands that nothing positive comes out of the brothers’ search for their sister’s ghost. ... In reference to the bullish nature of Wallow, the reader understands that in absence of constant care by the parents, the elder brother will always want to be protective of his younger brother. Character Traits of the Story’s Characters The character of Wallow in the story â€Å"Haunting of Olivia† is caring. As an elder brother, and at fourteen years of age, he protects his brother, who is twelve, because the parents are rarely with them (Russell). When they are scavenging the boats to find anything of value, the reader discovers that Wallow remains in control and keeps watch for the safety of both of them. This can be seen when he says to his brother: â€Å"All right, bro,† Wallow says. â€Å"It’s go time.† He takes my elbow and gentles me down the planks with such tenderness that I am suddenly very afraid. But there’s no sense making the plunge slow and unbearable...† (Russell). Moreover, Wallow is imaginative about nature and supers titious. He refers to the anniversary of his late sister as â€Å"unbirthday†. Since the sister died on that material day, he feels that it is her unbirthday. The reader knows that this cannot be termed as unbirthday. Wallow says, â€Å"†¦that means that tonight is Olivia’s unbirthday, the anniversary of her death† (Russell). The imagination and superstition in these lines is revealed from the fact that Wallow thinks that the opposite of birthday celebration is unbirthday. This is in reference to death anniversary of Olivia. Moreover, by believing that Olivia’s ghost is in existence and they ought to look for it, it is an act of superstition. Ghosts are not things that exist but they arise out of

The theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber

The theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber It was the belief of Karl Marx that social class plays an integral role in society. It was his theory that social class is important to understanding capitalism and other social systems. He asserted that the history of all hitherto existing in society is the history of class struggles (Marx 1848). Marx theorised social classes are defined by the relationship between capitalists and their workforce. For Marx economics is the driving force of modern society and social class. It is the view of Marx that in the past although society did have strata, such stratum was based on titles and occupation rather than purely economics. The bourgeoisie and the proletariat are the main social classes that Marx purposes. The Bourgeoisie are the capitalists. They purchase and exploit the labour power. Marx notes that someone who merely owns capital cannot be sufficiently defined as a capitalist. It is the means of using capital as a means to exploit labour which characterises the capitalist. The proletariat are the labour force. They work in order to earn income for themselves and their families in order to survive. Marx purposes that the existing relationship between bourgeoisie and the proletariat is an exploitive relationship which is based on inequality. Webers definition of class is not unlike that given by Marx. Weber defines class as a category of people who, have in common a specific causal component of their life chances in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and it is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor market. Webber held a view close to Marxs that class position does not necessarily lead to class-determined economic or political action. Weber argued that communal class action surface after connections between the causes and the consequences of the class situation become apparent. Marx however proposes it is when a class becomes conscious of its interests, that is, of its relation, as a class, to other classes. In modern day Britain there is evidence that class inequality present in society. Wide disparities in health between the classes illustrate this fact. However it should be noted that inequalities in health based on class is not a new sociological occurrence. Chadwick took note of a disproportionate difference in life expectancy between the classes in 1842. Gentlemen and persons engaged in professions and their familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦45 years; tradesmen and their familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦26 years; Mechanics, servants and labourers, and their families à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 16 years (Chadwick 1842). Reports have been carried out that suggest an obvious link between social class and health. Such studies find that lower social class groups have a higher chance of illness and a sorter light expectancy. At the start of the 21st century, all European countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health within their populations. People with a lower level of education, a lower occupational class, or a lower level of income tend to die at a younger age, and tend to have a higher prevalence of most types of health problems. (Mackenbach 2006) The Acheson Report took a systematic review of research of health inequalities in the UK. The report found that overall the mortality rate for people aged 35 -64 years had fallen in the period studied; however there was an increased variation in mortality between the classes. The Acheson report also uncovered that within particular areas of the UK the inequalities in Health between the classes manifest its self greater. In Scotland for example, male life expectancy in the 10 percent most deprived areas is 13 years lower than in the 10 percent least deprived areas. Such difference between the classes is increasing; the life expectancy gap between the best and worst constituencies was 7.8 years in 1991. In 2001 this gap had risen to 13.7 year (Scottish Government 2007). Mackenbach noted in mortality in patterns that: Rates of mortality are consistently higher among those with a lower, than among those with a higher socio-economic position. Not only is the size of these inequalities often substantial, but inequalities in mortality have also increased in many European countries in the past decades. (Mackenbach 2006) It is proposed by Mackenbach that inequalities in mortality; start early in life and persist in to old age, affect both men and women but its influence is more prevalent in men and are found for most but not all specific causes of death. The Acheson report presented that in terms of enduring illness has strong link to socioeconomic differences. It was reported that in 1996 the 45-64 years age group, 17 percent of professional men reported a limited long standing illness compared with 48 percent of unskilled men. The Acheson Reported that among women, 25 percent of professional women and 45 percent of unskilled women report long standing illnesses. Mackenbach articulates that people with lower socio-economic positions not only live shorter lives nit also but spend a larger number of years in ill health. Why does that pattern of health inequality exist in modern society? The influential Black Report 1980 examined five explanations of health inequalities. These five explanations are; the artefact explanation, the social explanation, social selection exploitation, the cultural explanation and the social deprivation explanation. An artefact approach to understanding Health inequality suggests that such health disparities are statistical fiction. Critics debate what is the best way measuring such it is also argued by Bury (1997) suggests that comparing the bottom social class (V) is not longer effective as the number of people in this class has declined greatly. The social selection theory argues that good or bad health determines class position rather than vice versa. For example, having a long term health issue may limit a persons career opportunities. Critics counter this theory that although illness plays a role on life chances it not always the case that illness leads to downward social mobility. The explanation is also contrary to a Marxist thought. Marx would argue it is class that determines health. A cultural explanation of health inequalities suggests that the social classes behave in different ways. The less well of social classes are more likely to have poorer health because of diet, smoking or alcohol consumption. Shilling (1993) proposes that different social classes view their bodies in different ways. Shilling asserts that the lower social classes tend to see the body in terms of what it enables them to do, for example for work and looking after children. According to Shilling health is not considered an issue until problems arise for the lower classes until the body cannot function normally. Higher social classes treat the body as an end in its self and have higher focus on preventing illness from occurring. Such an explanation for Health inequalities in contemporary Britain based on social class harmonises with the theories of Marx and Weber. The explanation the lower classes (the proletariat) regard their bodies as a machine used for means of work is compatible with t he sociological assertions of Marx and Weber. Marx would say such a view of the body is a result of class struggle. The proletariat must view their body as machine for work. Marx submits that proletariat must work in order to survive. This is why for the lower class health only becomes an issue when they are unable to work because of illness. Is also argues the material situation of a person and the conditions that they live and work in conditions which they work and live is an important factor in determining their health. Issues such as poverty, employments, housing and access to care are influential factors to be considered. The Acheson report in order to address the issues involved adopted a socioeconomic model of health and inequalities, combining the above theories. The socioeconomic model however does go as far to address a connection between its different layers. The Black Report reported a growth of health inequalities across Britain. These widening inequalities in health have been observed, in socio-economic terms. However findings demonstrated that overall health had improved since the creation of the welfare state. Although the standard of health has increased in equilibrium with an improvement in standard in living it is conclusive that inequalities in health based on class still exist in Britain. Marx would note the improvement of living standards for proletariat but would note the of Bourgeoisie exploiting the work of the proletariat to create excess capital. It is conclusive from the findings of the Black Report and Acheson that need for Marxs proletariat to work is what constructs their attitude towards health. In contemporary Britain there have been improvements made in health over all but class in equalities have not been reduced.

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

A Streetcar Named Desire In what way can A Streetcar Named Desire be seen as an exploration of†old† America versus the â€Å"new† America? In the play, Blanche represents old America and Stanley represents new America. Why Blanche represents old America is because of her way of thinking, lifestyle and values. When Blanche walks into the room where the guys are playing poker, there is a great example of how Blanche represents old and Stanley new. When she walks in, the guys are sitting around the table, then Blanche says â€Å"Please don’t get up†. Stanley replies â€Å"nobody’s going to get up, so don’t be worried†. Before men were always supposed to treat women with respect, and get up from the chair when they came in, and when they left. Blanche expects or imagines that they are going to treat her like that. In this way Blanche appear as the â€Å"old† America, how people used to think. Stanley is a large contrast and represents new America, when he says nobody’s going to get up. None of them were even thinking of getting up for her, because that is not their manners, a nd that is not what people do in the â€Å"new† America. New America is when there was a lot of immigration. In this new â€Å"world† the old fashions and norms were bit by bit disappearing, for instance racism. Also the lower classes in society became more common. This is the world Stanley lives in. In contrast Blanche is stuck in the old world. Stanley represents new America because he is from Poland. America’s growth of immigration is shown, and very many people in America today are immigrants. Blanches behaviour towards Stanley’s background shows that she is old-fashioned. When Stella says that Stanley is Polish, Blanche says â€Å"They’re something like Irish, aren’t they?†. Her racist view is very old and conventional. Stanley represents the â€Å"new† America, and he can be seen as a message from Tennessee Williams about how the society in America was changing and what it was changing into. Stanley is a chauvinist, because he obviously takes what he desires, referring to where he rapes Blanche. Stanley is very dominant, he rules and his word is always the strongest. He has a strong sexual desire, even in the end of the play when Blanche is taken to the hospital, he starts making love to Stella. It is quite obvious that Tennessee Williams shows Stanley as â€Å"new† America, and this might be what he means America is develo... ...t with Mitch. When Stanley beat Stella, and she was mad at him, he shouted out Stella’s name, she came down, and they then spent the night together. The next morning Stella and Blanche discuss the incident. Blanche asks â€Å"How could you come back in this place last night? Stella answers â€Å"You're making much too much fuss about this†. This also demonstrates that the â€Å"new† and â€Å"old† America collides because of their different values and norms. At the end of the play when the doctor has come to take Blanche away, she says â€Å"Whoever you are, I have always depended on the kindness of strangers†. This is Blanche’s final statement in the play. She perceives the doctor as the rescuing gentleman she has been waiting for since she came. But ironically, strangers have never done her any good. The truth is that strangers have only been kind in exchange for sex. Strangers like Stanley, Mitch and the people of her hometown Laurel have not given Blanche the sympathy she so sorely needed and deserved. Stanley’s class hatred seeks to destroy Blanche. His cruelty, combined with Blanche’s fragile state of mind and insecure personality, leaves her mentally isolated from reality by the end of the play.

Lab Report Essay

Heat it to 90 C and hold this temperature for 10 minutes. 2. Cool it to 50 C in a bath of ice water. 3. Shake the culture bacteria to free it from lumps and add to the milk. 4. Transfer the inoculated milk into the beaker or jar. Cover. 5. Incubate the milk for 4 hours at 43 to 46 degrees until clotted. Clotting of milk indicates the bacteria utilized the sugars and underwent fermentation. 6. Chill for 1 – 2 hours 7. Stir the yogurt to make the texture smooth. 8. Package and consume III. Results and Discussion Kind of Milk| Taste| Color| Texture| Smell| Low- fat milk| Yogurt-like| Beige| Smooth| Sour| Full-cream milk| Very Sour| Beige| Thick| Very sour| In the table above, the reason why there were only 2 kinds of milk is because 2 groups used low fat milk and the other 2 used full-cream milk. As being compared from the table above, using full-cream milk caused the taste and the smell of the product (yogurt) to be extra sour. Yogurt is naturally sour because of the acid present in it. Also, the full-cream milk caused the texture to be thicker compared to the yogurt used with low-fat milk. Even though different kinds of milk were used, the color of the yogurt was the same, which was Beige. IV. Conclusion Based on the given results and discussion of the data, the characteristics (taste, color, texture, and smell) of the yogurt will depend on what kind of milk will be used for the yogurt making process. V. Recommended If one were to do the same experiment above, the group would recommend that they use low-fat milk to make their own yoghurt.

Elton Mayos Human Relations School Essays

Elton Mayos Human Relations School Essays Elton Mayos Human Relations School Paper Elton Mayos Human Relations School Paper Non- financial incentives are non-financially related schemes that TK Maxx uses to supplement pay of their employees, and to keep them working for them and not other firms. TK Maxx is aware that pay is not the only factor at work in motivating their recruits, so they invest more money into the employee benefits. These include things like social interaction and praise.  These non-financial incentives can help associates of TK Maxx to achieve their higher needs not of a financial quality, including social and self esteem. Elton Mayos Human Relations School  Taylors ideas were introduced and sometimes they worked and failed. As a result, people thought there must be more to motivation than just money.  Mayo thought that workers are motivated whenever a manager takes a personal interest in them, and in the workers perspective, this admiration is perceived as a complement to them. For example in involving them in the decision making process. Social Factors  For instance, when it came to the planning of the Christmas party, the manager involved all the employees by asking them where they would like the venue to be.  Elton Mayo also thought that firms need to meet the personal satisfaction of their workers; firms need to recognise that employees have personal goals, as well as company goals they want to attain. Therefore, firms should encourage teams of employees to socialise with each other. As a result, TK Maxx organises annually Christmas parties, to enable their associates to meet personal goals such as social esteem, and enable opportunities for social interaction.  With these social factors at work, my productivity levels will be enhanced and due to a greater sense of satisfaction from the workplace. This can also bring about less boredom as the company of others can keep me happy and being involved in the firms decision making process can be rewarding. By gaining social approval from my colleagues during social interaction and a self sense of value in the firm, an associate like me can then climb up to the social esteem step of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. However, not everyone in TK Maxx will be motivated by being included in the decisions the firm makes.  For example, when it came to planning the venue for a TK Maxx Christmas party for 2007 at a meeting, I did not want to participate because my intentions for joining the TK Maxx team was for a good pay rate and an insight into the latest fashion styles released, rather than seeking social opportunities and responsibilities This can conflict with Mayos Human Relations School concept as I refused to be involved in a TK Maxx decision making process.  Herzbergs Hygiene Factors  As well as motivation factors being at work to enhance workers productivity levels, Herzberg believed that there were hygiene factors incorporated in the mix. What differentiated these factors from motivation factors was that, hygiene factors provided the employees with things that would keep them content in the workplace thereby will become less likely to resign and the firms annual turnover rate can be reduced eventually. These included things such as safe working conditions and adequate rest breaks. Motivation factors according to Herzberg only encourage employees to work to their maximum potential for optimum productivity, such as a promotion and more responsibility i.e. for example, being involved in the firms decision making processes. They do not focus on the employee staying with the firm, but rather the employee working industriously for the firm.  The hygiene factors supplement the motivating factors, so if the hygiene factors of TK Maxx are poor like the cleanliness of the workplace, then their motivating factors like pay would not work. However, according to Taylors Scientific Management theory, employees will only be motivated by earning money, so therefore there would not be a need for hygiene factors to be present in order for employees to be motivated in the workplace. Moreover, Taylors ideas of motivation were introduced in the early twentieth century, and so this theory may not be very relevant to the motivation needs of workers in the twenty-first century. As a result, TK Maxx is a twenty-first century business and they are up to date with what factors are required to motivate their employees. So, they go by this theory by providing hygiene factors such as rest breaks, to keep employees content as well as motivated, which together help the firm to maximise their chances of retaining them and reducing their annual turnover rate.  Rest Breaks  TK Maxx offer all their associates rest breaks for durations that correspond to their shift length. For example, half an hour rest breaks for those who work between four to six hours. These rest breaks motivate me because after a few hours of industrious working, I get exhausted and so my body needs to rest and restore energy with food and drink in order to maintain the high productivity levels. However, if I was not to receive these rest breaks, my performance levels of working will deteriorate because of physiological requirements such as food and drink. Therefore I will be de-motivated and unsatisfied because of lack of opportunity to meet these needs.  Elton Mayos Relay Assembly Test Room Study  The study involved six women assembling telephone equipment. Women in separate rooms worked forty-eight hours a week, including weekends, without tea breaks in rooms identical to where they worked. The study began to introduce and take away rest periods, and also introduced changes to start and finish times as well as changing the hours worked. As a result, productivity levels became high and this may have been due to opportunity for social interaction during work and rest periods. These high levels were maintained even when these conditions were returned to normal. TK Maxx have adopted Elton Mayos concept of giving their associates rest breaks thereby increasing productivity levels.  As a result, I am motivated to maintain high standards of productivity levels in the workplace. In the workplace, I am able to interact with fellow colleagues whilst working and this had led to the development of informal social relationships. In order to maintain the opportunities for social interaction, I have been motivated to maintain the required high levels of productivity to satisfy TK Maxx so that I do not risk losing my job, thereby losing these opportunities for social interaction. For example, I can recall one shift staying an extra hour in work although I was given permission to go home at the end of my shift. However, the social atmosphere among me and my colleagues was so lively that I wanted to stay behind and help them out. As a result, I was under the influence of the Hawthorne effect, where a strong level of social interaction motivated employees for a consistent high level of productivity.  However, other associates in TK Maxx cannot all be motivated by social opportunities, so the motivation concept cannot apply to all employees of the firm. Therefore, TK Maxx has other means of motivating their employees.

Let The punishment Fit the Crime essays

Let The punishment Fit the Crime essays Sir William Schwenk Gilbert stated in the first act of The Mikado Let the punishment fit the crime. In society punishments are given to make people suffer for their wrong doings. Is it fair that when man breaks rules but only in the name of righteousness that he be punished? In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey, the author skillfully portrays man as one who suffers for breaking the rules, while trying to stand up for his beliefs and inspire others. One may suffer as a consequence of breaking the rules, but he will suffer unfairly if he were only breaking them to stand up for his beliefs. In One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Nurse Ratched constantly caused the inmates to endure unfair suffering when they broke the rules, even if they were breaking them to stand up for their beliefs. On the evening of the world series game, the inmates led by McMurphy held a vote so they could watch the game. The deciding vote was not submitted in time because the meeting was closed according to the Nurse. McMurphy rebelled against this unfair decision by skipping his chores and sitting there with his hands crossed behind his head and his feet stuck out in a chair, a smoking cigarette sticking out from under his hatbrim - watching the blank TV screen.(p. 127). The Nurse believed this showed unspeakable behavior concerning [his] house duties and she felt that her punishment of taking away a privilege (p. 171) had therapeutic value (p. 171). What the Nurse was really doing was punishing this man for standing up for himself. McMurphy suffers as a result of his courage to take a stand against the Nurses unfair ruling. McMurphy rebels against the system by breaking Nurse Ratcheds rules and laying down his own. To me this sounds like a leader trying to make a difference not a man who deserves punishment. In like manner, the Jews ...

WHAT MATTERS IN AMERICA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

WHAT MATTERS IN AMERICA - Research Paper Example In this chapter, Goshgarian talks about the impacts of social networking sites on people’s lifestyles. Several social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and other social sites are currently available in the internet, and they provide an effective means through which people virtually interact with each other. The impact of internet on the social life has been a controversial debate in the American society. Many people have contradicting opinions on its effect on the contemporary American society and culture. A review of studies indicated that social networking sites have less impacts on the social life than many people usually believe. Internet is the latest means of interpersonal communication system following telegraphs and telephones. Other researches also indicate that social networking sites have also changed the patterns of life; however, the patterns of social life still remain the same despite of these internet-induced changes (Goshgarian 68). Social networking sites are speculated to have positive impacts on people’s everyday lives, since it improves the quality and frequency of interpersonal communications among different people. Through virtual connections, people easily access their colleagues leading to engagements and happiness in society and families (Goshgarian 27). According to Goshgarian, electronic communication result in weaker social ties, since many people lack adequate time to physically visit and interact with their friends. He writes that â€Å"More and More, people build their social network around their colleagues instead of their neighbors and families† (Goshgarian 331). The internet also allows many people to work from their homes, and this gives them less time to physically interact with other people. In addition, the internet also enables people to virtually interact more easily than through other means of communication, have romantic affairs, access their bank accounts and

Ethical Dilemmas in the Police Force Research Paper

Ethical Dilemmas in the Police Force - Research Paper Example Another definition of ethics refers to the development and study of a person’s ethical standards. It is extremely important to check ones ethical standards since social norms, feelings and laws can deviate from what is ethical in the view of professionals. In this respect, ethics means the continuous study of moral conduct and beliefs and hard work to make sure that the organizations we work for practice the standards that are acceptable and firmly based. In respect to this, ethical dilemma refers to a situation where two or more choices are ethically questionable (Davis and Aroskar, 2010). The police profession is one aspect where ethical standards are enforced and implemented. Over the past years, study of ethics in the police force has expanded considerably due to cases of police brutality and corruption surfacing in the courtrooms and the media (Appiah, 2006). The original conception of the police force in England emphasized the need of the police to get the good will of t he people to effectively do their policing roles. In England, the first instruction to police constables was in 1829 and it advocated for low temper from police officers, tolerance from foul language and should do their duty in a determined and quiet way since this will aid the officer in getting support from whomever he seeks it. In the United States, the officers never adhered to legal norms despite their training as law enforcers. The police were part of the political system used by local political organizations and no established code of conduct was in place. This paper will find the various codes of ethics in use by police officers, giving various ethical dilemmas police officers face. The questions to be answered by this paper are: What are the standards, codes of conducts practiced by the police force? What are the ethical dilemmas facing the police force? Ethical Conducts of Police Officers The following are codes of conduct governing police officers, (Herbefeld, 2006): To p rovide service to the public, protect property and lives and in the process shielding citizens from fraud and the vulnerable against oppression, the peaceful against aggression and to revere the constitutional rights of all to equality, liberty and justice. To keep their private life free from illegal activities to be emulated by all and act in a way that does not bring discretion to them and my agency. Maintaining courage and calm in the face of danger ridicule and scorn. Developing self-restraint and mindful of the welfare of others. Honesty in thought and deed in personal and official life and obeying the laws and regulations of a police officer. Anything confidential I see or hear in my official capacity as a law enforcement officer will be kept in secret unless revelation is necessary while on duty. To never let prejudices, personal feelings, aspirations, hatred or acquaintances manipulate their decisions. To not compromise with crime and with relentless prosecution of criminal s, imposing the law considerately and properly without fear or favor, cruelty or ill will and never using force, violence or accepting gratuities. Recognizing the police badge as a sign of public confidence and trust. Never employing acts of fraud, corruption or condoning such acts by colleagues in the law enforcement agency. Cooperating with all legal bureaus and their agents in the pursuit of justice and law enforcement. A law enforcement o

Answer the quastions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the quastions - Assignment Example The use and maintenance of these technologies in organization depends mainly on the human resources. By focusing on people, organizations ensure that all other resources in the organization, including business technologies, are fully and effectively utilized. Secondly, managing the human element ensures that organizations fully understand and modify the attitudes people have towards new technologies and the organization in general. As a result, organizations are able to understand people’s fears and concerns, thereby making necessary adjustments if needed. If people cannot embrace and accept these technologies, then the chances of an organization succeeding are greatly reduced. Finally, as businesses attempt to gain a competitive edge over their rivalries, it is prudent that focus is given to people. Nearly all organizations have access to the same technologies, and therefore no organization can effectively gain a competitive edge by focusing on technology alone. People are th erefore an important resource in any organization and consequently, this critical resource needs to be effectively managed. In the modern competitive world, having a properly managed human resource is vital to

Citizenship; Civil Society And Civilization Essay Example for Free

Citizenship; Civil Society And Civilization Essay Citizenship as depicted by Weber has its root from Medieval European city, due to the political demands of the rising class, merchants, professionals and skilled workers to control the environment. (Ibid, 294) As earlier mentioned the spate of globalization and interconnectedness has generated a similarity in the construction and design of buildings, structures in the city. This was really not totally possible before with the variables of religion, culture playing a key perspective before. Religion to a greater extent determined the way things were done, for example, buildings in china where not built high , because in the belief that gods work on the earth, no hierarchical order like the Christians, temples built in the country which symbolises the belief system of the Chinese. The lack of citizenship or identity points to the fact that the system of governance does not allow for this, they had no citizens but subjects were present. (ibid 297). The Changan dynasty is a typical example of how the modern city developed ,with the regulation of the behaviour of the populace, already we can observe the existence of institutions which shows a little bit of modernity as we have today. Kaifeng is another city which is known for its trade and commerce potentials, the development of cities here is influenced by interaction with other players in the globe, just like the example of Kaifeng been unwalled,later on we can see that they also built a wall as the population was increasing, therefore we can conclude that population, external influence has a large part in moulding a city towards modernization or civilization. The educational sector also addresses the point of civilization, more educational empowerment; the more success can be achieved by a political system. The Hanghzou and Kaifeng,further stresses the point earlier submitted ,that the economy is a substructure on which the political interest of actors rest, the urbanization of the duo cities led to a change in the way of lie of different people, the migration of population further widened the chance of development. The aforementioned is further buttressed as a cogent point as Hangzhou by the end of the Song dynasty was the largest city in the globe. (Ibid, 302) The centrality of the progress of the City of Hangzhou ,therefore remains the economy, but the political system unlike the Ancient Athens state never gave in for a democratic rule, what was in operation was religious beliefs cum ancestral beliefs. The Islamic cities were not as progressive as compared to the Chinese; the political system was theocratic, with the sultan controlling the affairs of the cities. The distance between the ruled and ruler was a negating influence on the development of city or states in the Arab world, the level of freedom here also was restricted as you have the populace been more or less subjects ,unlike the only case in this paper i. e. the Athenians that demonstrated a major enshrinement of the democratic ethos. The lack of municipal authority in Islamic cities undermined the pace of evolution to civilization. The revival of cities in the West was prompted by a shift in history of class relations, this promoted freedom of association and other democratic ethos. The modern city however grew from the village level, down to the urban from which civilization got to the peak. (Ibid,310-316). The rights of citizens and not subjects were therefore in full force here, the Italian city of Pavias shows how the act of political representation was more in the polity, like the first ever in Athens, more representation meant more active participation by the civil society. The emergence of artist, professionals further paved way for civilization as evidenced by Artist and professionals from Florence and Siena. The emergence of institutions and democracy, however concluded the stage or phases of civilization with liberalism, Neo- liberalism playing a crucial part in the move towards civilization and Liberalism in the globe. CONCLUSION The paper has been able to find out the reasons for the civilization of cities or the evolution of cities in the current or contemporary globe, this was necessitated by religion ,systems of governance, interrelationships among empires ,trade and commerce to mention but a few. The Interesting part however remains the development of some continents at the expense of the other, this was briefly depicted as a result of religion and system of governance, the Islamic countries case is crucial here. However further scholarly submissions to the thesis is prevalent in the academia. REFERENCE Reilly, K, 1989, The West and the World A history of civilization. Second Edition volume 1

The Relationship between Learning and Memory :: Papers

Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning. In studying memory, researchers have devised various tasks that require participants to remember "arbitrary information" (Merkle). Memory tasks typically involve either recall or recognition. In recall memory you would be asked to give a fact, a word, or an item from memory. In recognition memory you are asked to identify from various things the correct word, fact, or item. How then do humans remember these things? It involves the human memory process, containing encoding, storing, and retrieving any information being given to us. Encoding is the process of placing information into memory. Storage is the process of retaining information in memory. Getting information out of memory is called retrieval. Out of the three, the most important is Encoding, because you must pay attention to the information that you want to place into your memory. It is the starting point, although there are three levels known within this beginning step. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart proposed three levels for encoding incoming information. "They suggested that whether we remember information for a few seconds or a lifetime depends on how deeply we process the information" (Internet). The first level is classified as Structural, because information is stored on visual codes. In other words, what information "looks" like or what is its physical structure.

Winnipeg General Strike

The Winnipeg General Strike was a landmark in North America. The strike officially began on May 15th, 1919 at 11:00 AM and continued until late June, 1919, and approximately 35, 000 workers, basically the entire workforce of Winnipeg, walked off their jobs, risking their entire lives (Naylor, 2009). This strike has been one of the most studied historic moments in Canadian history. The General Strike had been brewing for many years prior to 1919, a large series of circumstances contributed to the strike, from international to local (Beszterda, 1975). The strike began in the beginning of May, 1919, after months of labor negotiations the workforce finally had enough and the strike began. The metalworkers were next to participate the strike, the employers of the main factories in the town refused to negotiate their contract. There was a committee that was composed of 1,000 manufactures, bankers, and politicians; they called themselves the Citizens Committee. The Winnipeg General Strike was caused by many reasons. One reason was the immediate reasons for the building of trades and metal workers going on strike for better wages and to improve the conditions that they worked in daily. The workers were payed a low wage and worked in horrible conditions that would automatically be condemned today. The money that they worked extremely hard for made it difficult to leave comfortably, as many people do today. The sweep of the strike involved non-unionzed workers as well, which arose from problems with World War 1. They sacrificed years of high expectations suring the war and its aftermath were greeted with high unemployment instead, an industrial turndown, and inflation. The tight labour market had led to an increase in unions, the success of the Russion Revolution in 1917 had led not only to an increase in ideas, but it also provoked a fear on the part of those in authority. (Munroe, 2010) The One Big Union was a major part of the strike. They did not organize or lead the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike, although its history was closely intertwined with that of the strike. Their radical ideas were getting warm response from many trade unionists. Once the delegates from western Canada unions arrived in Calgary for the meeting in the spring, they were no longer interested in fixing the Trades and Labor Congress. By moving to create the One Big Union, the Candians in the west had created many enimies for themselves, the business world, government officials, and all the craft unions all felt threated by the One Big Union. Spring of 1919, the newly formed Winnipeg Building Trades Council opened their doors for negotiations with their employer, the Winnipeg Builders Exchange. The workers were looking for increase in pay that would allow them to regain what they had lost to the war inflation. Builders stated that without the increase in construction, they could not afford to pay the higher wages that were demanded. Once this negoation was over, the employers agreed to a â€Å"take-it-or-leave-it† approach, stating that if they did not like the wages, then they did not do it and it was over. In results of fearing that the strike would spread to other cities, Senator Robertson was ordered to mediate the dispute and make a final ruling. Once both sides have been heard, he decided that the strikers and the City Council to accept the employee’s proposal. Once they learned of their success, they knew for sure that they would be using striking again in the future (Wikipedia, 2010). After the strike, the metal workers finally received the pay increase they were fighting for and went back to work satisfied with the outcome from the Winnipeg Strike. Some of the workers were not so lucky, they were thrown into jail for the reckless behavior they exhibited during the strike. Seven of the strike leaders were thrown into jail for conspiracy to overthrow the government, they were imprisoned for two years. They won 11 seats on the provincial election in Manitoba, four of them were the strike leaders. After 20 years, collective bargaining was finally looked at again in Canada. Due to the fact that nobody was working and the majority of the workforce were participating in the General Strike, Winnipeg’s economy went into decline. (Munroe, 2010). The effects from these outcomes are still in effect today. We are still receiving higher wages yearly. Minimum wage standards keep increasing at a constant in all provinces per year. This strike may have caused the working conditions today to be as good as what they are. If people hadn’t fought years ago for this then employers today would still be trying to do whatever they can, there would be no standards for employment and the basis for strikes would not be there. Works Cited http://www.cupe1975.ca/bursary/burs4.html http://canadaonline.about.com/od/canadianhistory/a/winnipegstrike.htm

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 2

You see, we're both lonely guys,† Todd said from the back. â€Å"†There aren't any girls our age aroundhere, so we're lonely. And then when we comeacross three nice girls like you-well, we just natu rally want to get to know you better. Understand?† â€Å"So if you girls play along, we can all have fun,† Vic put in. â€Å"Fun-oh, no,† Rowan said, dismayed. Jade knew she had caught part of Vic's thought and was tryingvery hard not to pry further. â€Å"Kestrel and Jade are much too young for anything like that. I'm sorry, butwe have to say no.† â€Å"I won't do it even whenI amold enough,† Jade said. â€Å"But that isn't what these guys mean anyway they mean this.† She projected some of the images she was getting from Vic into Rowan's mind. â€Å"Oh, dear,† Rowan said flatly. â€Å"Jade, you know we agreed not to spy on people like that.† Yeah, but look what they're thinking, Jade said soundlessly, figuring that if she had broken one rule, she might as well break them all. â€Å"Now, look,† Vic said in a tone that showed he knew he was losing control of the situation. He reached out and grabbed Jade's other arm, forcingher to face him. â€Å"We're not here to talk. See?† He gave her a little shake. Jade studied his features a moment, then turned her head to look inquiringly into the backseat. Rowan's face was creamy-pale against her brownhair. Jade could feel that she was sad and disap pointed. Kestrel's hair was dim gold and she was frowning. Well?Kestrel said silently to Rowan. Well?Jade said the same way. She wriggled as Victried to pull her loser. Come on, Rowan, he's pinching me. I guess we don't have any choice,Rowan said. Immediately Jade turned back to Vic. He was still trying to pull her, looking surprised that she didn't seem to be coming. Jade stopped resisting and lethim drag her in close-and then smoothly detached one arm from his grip and slammed her hand upward. The heel of her hand made contact just under his chin. His teeth clicked and his head was knocked backward, exposing his throat. Jade darted in and bit. She was feeling guilty and excited. She wasn't used to doing it like this, to taking down prey that was awake and struggling instead of hypnotized and docile. But she knew her instincts were as good as any hunter who'd grown up stalking humans in alleys. It was part of her genetic programming to evaluate anything she saw in terms of â€Å"Is it food? Can I get it? What are its weaknesses?† The only problem was that she shouldn't been joying this feeding, because it was exactly the opposite of what she and Rowan and Kestrel had come to Briar Creek to do. She was tangentially aware of activity in the backseat. Rowan had lifted the arm Todd had been using to restrain her. On the other side Kestrel had done the same. Todd was fighting, his voice thunderstruck. â€Å"Heyhey what are you-â€Å" Rowan bit. â€Å"What are you doing?† Kestrel bit. â€Å"What the freak are you doing? Who are you? What the freak are you?† He thrashed wildly for a minute or so, and then subsided as Rowan and Kestrel mentally urged him into a trance. It was only another minute or so before Rowan said, â€Å"That's enough.† Jade said, Aw, Rowan †¦ â€Å"That'senough.Tell him not to remember anything about this-and find out if he knows where Burdock Farm is.† Still feeding, Jade reached out with her mind,touching lightly with a tentacle of thought. Then she pulled back, her mouth closing as if in a kiss as it leftVic's skin. Vic was just a big rag doll at this point, and he flopped bonelessly against the steering wheeland the car door when she let him go. â€Å"The farm's back that way-we have to go back tothe fork in the road,† she said. â€Å"It's weird,† she added, puzzled. â€Å"He was thinking that he wouldn't get in trouble for attacking us because-because of something about Aunt Opal. I couldn't get what.† â€Å"Probably that she was crazy,† Kestrel said unemotionally. â€Å"Todd was thinking that he wouldn't get in trouble because his dad's an Elder.† â€Å"They don't have Elders,† Jade said, vaguely smug.†You mean a governor or a police officer or something ? Rowan was frowning, not looking at them. â€Å"All right,† she said. â€Å"This was an emergency; we had to do it. But now we're going back to what we agreed.† â€Å"Until the next emergency,† Kestrel said, smiling out the car window into the night. To forestall Rowan, Jade said, â€Å"You think we should just leave them here?† â€Å"Why not?† Kestrel said carelessly. â€Å"They'll wake up in a few hours.† Jade looked at Vic's neck. The two little wounds where her teeth had pierced him were already almost closed. By tomorrow they would be faint red marks like old bee stings. Five minutes later they were on the road againwith their suitcases. This time, though, Jade was cheerful. The difference was food-she felt as full of blood as a tick, charged with energy and ready to skip up mountains. She swung the cat carrier and her suitcase alternately, and Tiggy growled. It was wonderful being out like this, walking alonein the warm night air, with nobody to frown in disapproval. Wonderful to listen to the deer and rabbits and rats feeding in the meadows around her. Happiness bubbled up inside Jade. She'd never felt so free. â€Å"It is nice, isn't it?† Rowan said softly, lookingaround as they reached the fork in the road. â€Å"It's the real world. And we have as much right to it as anybody else.† â€Å"I think it's the blood,† Kestrel said. â€Å"Free-range humans are so much better than the kept ones. Whydidn't our dear brother ever mention that?† Ash, Jade thought, and felt a cold wind. She glanced behind her, not looking for a car but forsomething much more silent and deadly. She realized suddenly how fragile her bubble of happiness was. â€Å"Are we going to get caught?† she asked Rowan. Reverting, in the space of one second, to a six-yearold turning to her big sister for help. And Rowan, the best big sister in the world, said immediately and positively,†No. â€Å" â€Å"But if Ash figures it out-he's the only one whomight realize-â€Å" â€Å"We are not going to get caught,† Rowan said. â€Å"Nobody will figure out that we're here.† Jade felt better. She put down her suitcase and held out a hand to Rowan, who took it. â€Å"Together forever,† she said. Kestrel, who'd been a few steps ahead, glanced over her shoulder. Then she came back and put her hand on theirs. â€Å"Together forever.† Rowan said it solemnly; Kestrel said it with a quicknarrowing of her yellow eyes. Jade said it with utter determination. As they walked on, Jade felt buoyant and cheerfulagain, enjoying the velvet-dark night. The road was just dirt here, not paved. They passed meadows and stands of Douglas fir. A farmhouse on the left, set back on a long driveway. And finally, dead ahead at the end of the road, another house. â€Å"That's it,† Rowan said. Jade recognized it, too, from the pictures Aunt opal had sent them. It had two stories, a wraparound porch, and a steeplypitched roof with lots of gables. A cupola sprouted out of the rooftop, and there was a weather vane on the barn. A real weather vane, Jade thought, stopping to stare. Her happiness flooded _back full force. â€Å"I love it, she said solemnly. Rowan and Kestrel had stopped, too, but their expressions were far from awed. Rowan looked a hairs breadth away from horrified. â€Å"It's a wreck,† she gasped. â€Å"Look at that barnthe paint's completely gone. The pictures didn't show that.† â€Å"And the porch,† Kestrel said helpfully. â€Å"It's fallingto pieces. Might go any minute.† â€Å"The work,† Rowan whispered. â€Å"The work it would take to fix this place up †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And the money,† Kestrel said. Jade gave them a cold look. â€Å"Why fix it? I like it. It's different.† Rigid with superiority, she picked up her luggage and walked to the end of the roadThere was a ramshackle, mostly fallen-down fence around the property, and a dangerous-looking gate. Beyond,on a weed-covered path, was a pile of white pickets as if somebody had been planning to fix the fencebut had never got around to it. Jade put down the suitcase and cat carrier and pulled at the gate. To her surprise, it moved easily. â€Å"See, it may not look good, but it still works-â€Å"She didn't get to finish the sentence properly. The gate fell on her. â€Å"Well, it may not work, but it's still ours,† she said as Rowan and Kestrel pulled it off her. â€Å"No, it's Aunt Opal's,† Kestrel said. Rowan just smoothed her hair back and said, â€Å"Come on.† There was a board missing from the porch steps, and several boards gone from the porch itself. Jade limped around them with dignity. The gate had given her a good whack in the shin, and since it was wood,it still .hurt. In fact, everything seemed to be made of wood here, which gave Jade a pleasantly alarmed feeling. Back home, wood was revered-,and kept outof the way. You have to be awfully careful to live in this kindof world, Jade thought. Or you're going to get hurt. Rowan and Kestrel were knocking on the door,Rowan politely, with her knuckles, Kestrel loudly, with the side of her hand. There wasn't any answer. â€Å"She doesn't seem to be here,† Rowan said. â€Å"She's decided she doesn't want us,† Kestrel said, golden eyes gleaming. â€Å"Maybe she went to the wrong bus station,†Jade said. â€Å"Oh-that's it. I bet that's it,† Rowan said. â€Å"Poorold thing, she's waiting for us somewhere, and she's going to be thinking that we didn't show up.† â€Å"†Sometimes you're not completely stupid,† Kestrel informed Jade. High praise from Kestrel. â€Å"Well, let's go in,† Jade said,to conceal howpleased she was. â€Å"She'll come back here sometime.† â€Å"Human houses have locks,† Rowan began, but this house wasn't locked. The doorknob turned in Jade's hand. The three of them stepped inside. It was dark, even darker than the moonless nightoutside, but Jade's eyes adjusted in a few seconds. â€Å"Hey, it's not bad,† she said. They were in ashabby but handsome living room filled with huge, ponderous furniture. Wood furniture, of course dark and highly polished. The tables were topped with marble. Rowan found a lightswitch, and suddenly the roomwas too bright. Blinking, Jade saw that the walls were pale apple green, with fancy woodwork andmoldings in a darker shade of the same green. It made Jade feel oddly peaceful. And anchored, somehow, as if she belonged here. Maybe it was all the heavy furniture. She looked at Rowan, who was looking around tall graceful body slowly relaxing. Rowan smiled and met her eyes. She noddedonce. â€Å"Yes.† Jade basked for a moment in the glory of having been right twice in five minutes–and then she remembered her suitcase. â€Å"Let's see what the rest of the place is like,† she said hastily. â€Å"I'll take the upstairs; you guys look around here.† â€Å"You just want the best bedroom,† Kestrel said. Jade ignored her, hurrying up a wide, carpeted flight of stairs. There were lots of bedrooms, and each one had lots of room. She didn't want the best, though, just the farthest away. At the very end of the hall was a room painted sea-blue. Jade slammed the door behind her and puther suitcase on the bed. Holding her breath, she opened the suitcase. Oh. Oh, no.Oh, no †¦ Three minutes later she heard the click of the doorbehind her, but didn't care enough to turn. â€Å"What are you doing?†Kestrel's voice said. Jade looked up from her frantic efforts to resuscitate the two kittens she held. â€Å"They'redead!† she wailed. â€Å"Well, what did you expect? They need to breathe, idiot. How did you expect them to make it through two days of traveling?† Jade sniffled. â€Å"Rowan told you that you could take only one.† Jade sniffled harder and glared. â€Å"I know.That's why I put these two in the suitcase.† She hiccuped. â€Å"At least Tiggy's all right.† She dropped to her knees and peered in the cat carrier to make sure he was all right. His ears were laid back, his golden eyes gleaming out of a mass of black fur. He hissed, and Jade sat up. He was fine. â€Å"For five dollars I'll take care of the dead ones,† Kestrel said. â€Å"No!† Jade jumped up and moved protectively in front of them, fingers clawed. â€Å"Not likethat,† Kestrel said, offended. â€Å"I don't eat carrion. Look, if you don't get rid of them somehow,Rowan's going to find out. For God's sake,girl, you're a vampire,† she added as Jade cradled the limp bodies to her chest. â€Å"Act like one.† â€Å"I want to bury them,† Jade said. â€Å"They shouldhave a funeral.† Kestrel rolled her eyes and left. Jade wrapped the small corpses in her jacket and tiptoed out after her. A shovel, she thought. Now, where would that be? Keeping her ears open for Rowan, shesidledaround the first floor. All the rooms looked like the living room: imposing and in a state of genteel decay. The kitchen was huge. It had an open fireplace and a shed off the back door for washing laundry. It also had a door to the cellar. Jade made her way down the steps cautiously. Shecouldn't turn on a light because she needed both hands for the kittens. And, because of the kittens, she couldn't see her feet. She had to feel with her toe for the next step. At the bottom of the stairs her toe found something yielding, slightly resilient. It was blocking herpath. Slowly Jade craned her neck over the bundle of jacket and looked down. It was dim here. She herself was blocking the light that filtered down from the kitchen. But she could make out what looked like a pile of old clothes. A lumpy pile. Jade was getting a very, very bad feeling. She nudged the pile of clothes with one toe. It moved slightly. Jade took a deep breath and nudged it hard. It was all one piece. It rolled over. Jade looked down, breathed quickly for a moment, and screamed. A good, shrill, attention-getting scream. She addeda nonverbal thought, the telepathic equivalent of a siren. Rowan! Kestrel! You guys get down here! Twenty seconds later the cellar light went on andRowan and Kestrel came clattering down the stairs. â€Å"I have told you and toldyou,† Rowan was sayingthrough her teeth. â€Å"We don'tuse our-† She stopped, staring. â€Å"I think it's Aunt Opal,† Jade said.